Research

                                                   April 12, 2008  AOTA
                          It’s Time to Take a Stand and Move References                             
        Christine Wright-Ott, MPA, OTR/L  chriswrightott@sbcglobal.net

                                           www.mobilityfordiscovery.com

1.  Andersson C, Grooten W, Hellsten M, Kaping K, Mattsson E. Adults with
     cerebral palsy: walking ability after progressive strength training.
     Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003, Apr; 45 (4): 220-8.
 
2.  Bertenthal, B.I., Campos, J.J., & Barrett, K.C. (1984). Self-produced
    locomotion: An    organizer of emotional, cognitive, and social development
    in infancy. In R.N. Emde & R.J. Harmon (Eds.), Continuities and
    discontinuities in development. New York, Plenum Press.

3. Blundell SW, Shepherd RB, Dean CM, Adams RD, Cahill BM. Functional
   strength training in cerebral palsy: a pilot study of a group circuit training
   class for children aged 4-8 years. Clin Rehabil. 2003, Feb: 17 (1): 48-57.
 
4. Butler, C. (1986). Effects of powered mobility on self-initiated behaviors of
   very young children with locomotor disability. Developmental Medicine and
   Child Neurology, 28, 325-332.

5. Butler, C. (1988a). High tech tots: Technology for mobility, manipulation,
   communication, and learning in early childhood. Infants and Young
   Children, 2, 66-73.

6. Butler, C. (1988b). Powered tots: Augmentative mobility for locomotor
   disabled  youngsters. American Physical Therapy Association Pediatric
   Publication, 14, 21.

7. Campos, J.J., & Bertenthal, B.I. (1987). Locomotion and psychological
    development in infancy. In K.M. Jaffe (Ed.), Childhood powered mobility:
    Developmental, technical, and clinical perspectives. In Proceedings of
    the RESNA First Northwest Regional Conference (pp. 11-42). Washington
    D.C: RESNA Press.

8. Deitz, J., Swinth, Y, White, O. (2002). Powered mobility and preschoolers
   with complex developmental delays. American Journal of Occupational
   Therapy, 56, 86-96.

9. Dodd KJ, Taylor NF, Damiano DL. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002 Aug; 83
   (8): 1157-64.

10. Everand, L. (1997). Early mobility means easier integration. Canadian
     Review of Sociology and Anthropology. 224-4.
 
11. Farmer SE. Key factors in the development of lower limb co-ordination:
     implications for the acquisition of walking in children with cerebral palsy.
     Disabil Rehabil. 2003 Jul 22;25(14)807-16.

12. Foreman N, Foreman D, Cummings A, Owens S. Locomotion active
     choice and spatial memory in children. 1990; J Gen Psychol 
     Jul: 117(3) 354-5.
 
13. Foreman N, Gillett R, Jones S. Choice autonomy and memory for spatial
     locations in six-year-old children. Br J Psychol. 1994, Feb: 85 (pt 1): 17-27.

14. Fowler EG, Ho TW, Nwigwe AI, Dorey FJ. The effect of quadripceps
     femoris muscle strengthening exercises on spasticity in children with
     cerebral palsy. Phys Ther 2001, Jun;81(6):1215-23.

15. Furumasu, J., Tefft, D., & Guerette, P. (1998). Pediatric powered mobility:
     Readiness to learn.
 
16. Guerette P., Tefft, D., Furumasu, J., & Moy F. (1999). Development of a
     cognitive assessment battery for young children with physical impairments.
     Infant-Toddler Intervention: The
 
17. Kermoian, R. (1997). Locomotion experience and psychological
     development in infancy.  In J. Furumasu (Ed), Pediatric powered mobility:
     Developmental perspectives, technical issues, clinical approaches
     (pp.7-22). Arlington,VA:RESNA Press.Transdisc. Journal, 9,169 184.
 
18. Kermoian R., Meng, dong. How cultural practices mediate the onset of
     crawling.  Proceedings of hte Eighth International Conference on
     Infant Studies, Miami, FL 1992.

19. King W. Levin R, Schmidt R, Oestreich A, Heubi JE. Prevalance of
     reduced bone mass in children and adults with spastic quadriplegia.
     Dev Med Child Neuro. 2003 Jan: 45 (1): 12-6

20. McBurney H, Taylor NF, Dodd KJ, Graham HK. (2003). A qualitative
     analysis of the benefits of strength training for young people with
     cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurology Oct 45 (10) (pp658-63)

21.  National Association for Sports and Physical Education Early Childhood
      Physical Activity Guidelines & Press Release, NASPE 2002. Available at:
      http://www.aahperd.org/naspe/template.cfm?template=toddlers.html#.

22. Nilsson, L., & Nyberg, P. (2003).Driving to learn:  a new concept for
     training children with profound cognitive disabilities in a powered
     wheelchair. (2003). American Journal of Occupational Therapy
     Mar-Apr, 57 (2) 229-33.
 
23. Paulsson, K., & Christoffersen, M. (1984). Psychological aspects of
     technical aids: How does independent mobility affect the psychological
     and intellectual development of children with physical disabilities.
     In Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference on Rehabilitation
     Engineering (pp. 282-286). Washington D.C: RESNA Press.
 
24. Ross SA, Engsberg JR. Relation between spasticity and strength in
     individuals with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.  Dev Med Child Neurol.
     2002 Mar; 44(3): 148-57.

25. Schindl et al.  Treadmill training with partial body weight support in
     nonambulatory patients with cerebral palsy.  Arch Psy Med Rehabil
    1999: 81:301-306.
 
26. Shinohara TA, Suzuki N, Oba M, Kawasumi M. Kimizuka M, Mita K.
     Effect of exercise at the AT point for children with cerebral palsy.
     Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 2002-2003; 61 (1-2) 63-7.

27. Stanton D., Wilson PN, Foreman N. Effects of early mobility on
     shortcut performance in a simulated maze. Behav Brain Res. 2002
     Oct 17: 136 (1): 61-6.
 
28. Trahan J., Marcoux S. Factors associated with the inability of children
     with cerebral palsy to walk at six years: a retrospective study.
     Dev Med Child Neurol. 1995 Mar,37(3):280-1

29. Tefft, D., Furumasu, J., & Guerette, P. (1993). Cognitve readiness for
     powered wheelchair mobility in the young child.  In Proceedings of the
    RESNA 1993 Annual conference. (pp. 338-340) Las Vegas, NV:  RESNA
    Press. 27.  Tefft, D., Furumasu, J., & Guerette, P., (1995). Development
    of a cognitive assessment battery for evaluating readiness for powered
    mobility. In Proceedings of the RESNA 1995 Annual Conference
    (pp. 320-322). Vancouver, Canda: RESNA Press.
 
30. Tefft, D., Furumasu, J., & Guerette, P. (1996).  Ready, set, go: Powered
     mobility with young children.  Downey, CA: Los Amigos Research and
     Education Institute Inc., Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center.
 
31. Tefft, D., Furumasu, J, & Guerette, P. (1997). Pediatric powered mobility:
     Influential cognitive skills. In J. Furumasu (Ed.), Pediatric powered mobility:
     Developmental perspecitives, technical issues, clinical approaches
     (pp. 70-91). Washington D.C: RESNA Press.

32. Tefft, D. Guerette, P., Furumasu, J. (1999). Cognitive predictors of young
     children’s readiness for powered mobility. Developmental Medicine and
     Child Neurology. Oct; 41 (10): 665-70.

33. Telzrow, RW et al. Spatial understanding in infants with motor handicaps.
     In KM Jaffe, Childhood powered mobility: developmental technical and
     clinical perspective:  Proceedings of the RESNA 1st Northwest Regional
     Conference. Washington DC, RESNA p 62-69.
 
34. Verburg, G., Field, D., & Jarvis, S. (1987). Motor, perceptual, and
     cognitive factors that affect mobility control. In Proceedings of the
     10th Annual Conference on Rehabilitation Technology,Washington D.C:
     RESNA Press.

35. Warren, C.G. (1990). Powered mobility and its implications,
     Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development.
     Clinical Supplement (2), 74-85.

36. Woods, H. (1998). Moving right along: Young disabled children can now
     experience the    

37. Wright, C., & Nomura, M. (1995). From toys to computers, access for
     the physically disabled child. San Jose, CA: Author. developmental
     benefits of moving and exploring on their own.
     Stanford Medicine, Fall, 15-19.

38. Wright-Ott, C. (1997). The transitional powered mobility aid: A new
     concept and tool for early mobility. In J. Furumasu (Ed.), Pediatric
     powered mobility. (pp. 58-69). Washington D.C: RESNA Press.

39. Wright-Ott, C. (1998). Designing a transitional powered mobility aid for
     young children with physical disabilities. In D. Gray, L. Quatrano, & M.
     Lieverman (Eds). Designing and using assistive technology: The human
     perspective (pp. 285-295). Baltimore: Brooks.

40. Wright-Ott, C. (1999) A transitional powered mobility aid for young children
     with physical disabilities. In ICORR 99 Sixth International Conference on
     Rehabilitation Robotics, July, 1999, Stanford, CA

41. Wright, C., Escobar, R., Leslie, S. Encouraging exploration, Rehab
     Management, 2002;  June.  www.rehabpub.com/features/672002//3.asp

42. Wright-Ott, C, Escobar R, Leslie, S. Encouraging exploration. Rehab 
     Management, June 2002.
     http://www.rehabpub.com/features/672002/3.asp

43. Wright-Ott, C. Mobility. In Occupational Therapy for Children, fifth edition,
     Case-Smith, 2005. Elsevier Mosby 

 1.  Raine, A., Reynolds, C., Venables, P., Mednick, S., (2002)
      Stimulation Seeking and Intelligence:  A Prospective Longitudinal
      Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 82, No. 4,
      663-674. “Increased stimulation seeking at age 3 years is associated with
     increased cognitive, scholastic and neuropsychological test performance
     at age 11 years. We hypothesize an environmental enrichment explanation
     of the stimulation seeing-IQ relationship, which argues that young children
     who physically explore their environment, engage socially with other
     children and verbally interact with adults create for themselves an enriched,
     stimulating, varied and challenging environment. This environmental
     enrichment in turn is hypothesized to result in enhanced cognitive ability
     and better school performance”.   

2.  Stanton, D., Wilson PN. Foreman N., Effects of early mobility on
     shortcut performance in a simulated maze. Behavioral Brain
     Research. (2002) Oct 17; 136 (1): 61-6. “Early independent exploration
    is important in the development of spatial knowledge and suggests that
    the detrimental effects of early exploratory experience may persist into
    the teenage years”.   

3.  Foreman N. Foreman D. Cummings A. Owens S.,  Locomotion,
     active choice, and spatial memory in children.  Journal of General
     Psychology (1990) Jul; 117 (3) 354-5. “Children between 4 and 6
    years old were tested on a radial sequencing test requiring non-redundant
    sampling of eight identically labeled positions in a room. Children made
    free choices by walking between positions, were passively transported in
    a pushchair, actively directed in their own route from a push chair or
    were led on foot to positions selected by the experimenter. When tested,
    whether walking or directed while seated in a pushchair, children who
    had either walked independently or directed the experimenter while being
    pushed performed competently, while those led on foot without spatial
    choice performed almost as well.  Only the children who had neither
    independent locomotor experience nor autonomous choice performed
    very poorly.  The results are related to neurobiological models of spatial
    cognition and may have implications for the transportation of children
    with mobility problems”.    

5.  Joseph Campos and David Anderson from UC Berkeley are presently
     studying postural responsiveness to peripheral optic flow.  A
     developmental shift  occurs between 4 and 9 months of age in
     responsiveness to spatially delimited portions of the optic flow field.
     8.5 months infants without locomotor experience, showed no
     systematic postural compensation to peripheral optic flow caused by
     side wall movement in a moving room. In contrast those with hands-knee
     crawling experienced or walker experience showed reliable compensation
     to side wall movement.  

6.  McBurney H., Taylor, NF, Dodd KJ, Graham, HK (2003) A qualitative
     analysis of the benefits of strength training for young people with
     cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology,
     Oct: 45 (10): 658-63. Key Finding…This qualitative study investigated
    outcomes of a home based strength training program for young people with
    spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.  GMFCS scores ranged from I to III. Benefits
    included perceptions that strength, flexibility, posture, walking and
    negotiating steps had improved as well as an increased well being in
    school and leisure activities.   

7.  Fowler, EG., Ho TW., Nwigwe, LI., Dore FJ. (2001) The effect of
     quadriceps femoris muscle strengthening exercises on spasticity
     in children with cerebral palsy.Phys They. June:80 (6):1215-23.
    “The Bobath treatment approach advises against the use of resistive
    exercise as proponents felt that increased effort would increase spasticity.
    The purpose of this study was to test the premise that the performance of
    exercises with maximum efforts will increase spasticity in people with
    cerebral palsy.  Results indicated there were no changes in spasticity
    following exercise between the groups of subjects and the results do
    not support the premise that exercise with maximum effort increases
    spasticity in people with cerebral palsy”.

8.  Blundell SW, Shepherd RB, Dean CM, Adams RD, Cahill BM,
     Functional strength training in cerebral palsy: a pilot study of
     a group circuit training class for children aged 4-8 years. Clinical
     Rehabilitation (2003) Feb: 17 (1) 48-57.  “A short program of task
    specific strengthening exercise and training for children with cerebral
    palsy using treadmill walking, step ups, sit to stands and leg presses
    resulted in improved strength and functional performance that was
    maintained over time”.  

9.  Anderesson, C. Grooten W. Hellstn M. Kaping K. Mattsson E. Adults
     with cerebral palsy: walking ability after progressive strength
     training. Developmental Medicine Child Neurology (2003). Apr; 45
     (40: 220-8.  “The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of a
    progressive strength training program on walking ability in adults with
    cerebral palsy.  Findings suggest a 10 week progressive strength training
    program improves muscle strength and walking ability without increasing
    spasticity”.   Damiano DL, Activity activity activity; rethinking our
    physical therapy approach to cerebral palsy. Physical Therapy 2006;
    Nov 86 (11) 1534-40.Department of Neurology, Washington University,
    St Louis, MO 63110, USA. damianod@neuro.wustl.edu   “This perspective
    outlines the theoretical basis for the presentation with the same name as
   the second part of this title, which was given at the III STEP conference
   in July 2005. It elaborates on the take-home message from that talk,
   which was to promote activity in children and adults with cerebral palsy
   and other central nervous system disorders. The author proposes that the
   paradigm for physical therapist management of cerebral palsy needs to shift
   from traditional or "packaged" approaches to a more focused and proactive
   approach of promoting activity through more intense active training
   protocols, lifestyle modifications, and mobility-enhancing devices. Increased
   motor activity has been shown to lead to better physical and mental health
   and to augment other aspects of functioning such as cognitive performance,
   and more recently has been shown to promote neural and functional
   recovery in people with damaged nervous systems.”